outbred strains of mice

Little, then a graduate student at Harvard University. Characteristics of the immunogenicity of FALVAC-1A were evaluated in congenic ( H-2b, H-2k , and H-2d ) and outbred strains of mice. Ten to 15 animals from each strain (NIH, Q (S), ARC, IMVS and STUD) were typed, using allozyme electrophoresis, at 10 gene loci: Mod-1, Idh-1, Gpi-I, Es-1, Es-3, Hbb, Pep-3, Gr-1, Got-2 and Pgm-1. At the ARC we use a randomisation table for outbred colonies less than 100 breeding females. These mice need special foods, such as ground or dampened grain. of JAX tested the assumption that inbred mice do, in fact, display less trait variability than outbred mice. Owing to their high level of natural activity, most strains of mice will not become as docile or easy to handle as rats that have received equivalent handling. Surgeons performing organ transplants beginning in the 1950s were confronted with histocompatibility antigens on foreign grafts that stimulated graft rejection. (A) and (B) are photomicrographs of the same field taken at different planes of focus: in (A) the focus is on the cells while in (B) the focus is on the overlying silver grains. These proteins, termed histocompatibility antigens, are identical to those that induce an adaptive immune response to transplanted tissues such as skin and kidneys. The diversity outbred (Svenson et al. TSHR DNA immunization was repeated at 3 week intervals for a total of five injections (Costagliola et al., 1998; Hasan et al., 1999). GLADYS TEITELMAN, in Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference, 1991. The Gold Standard for Biomedical Research. The former hypothesis (microtrauma) suggests a passive, accidental process leading to microchimerism that may have little impact on the health of the mother or the fetus; the latter hypothesis (active transport), on the other hand, implies that fetomaternal microchimerism may serve a particular purpose in normal pregnancy. The polymorphism was studied in 5 outbred strains, using 15 alloantisera to H-2 class 1 private antigens. The outbred strains of mice shouldn't be thought of as more representative of wild mice than inbred mice: both are laboratory artifacts, although generated by different breeding strategies and selective pressures. Epub 2012 Dec 11. Normal body weights in grams of selected strains of mice. As an approximation, a mouse weighs about 10% as much as a rat, about 5% as much as a guinea pig, about 1% as much as a rabbit, and less than 1% as much as a dog or primate. Outbred Strain: genetically diverse lines typically maintained by a rotational mating scheme to maximize heterozygosity and to minimize brother x sister mating. The aim of this survey was to measure levels of genetic variation within and between 5 different strains of outbred Swiss mice. Cumulus cell nuclei derived from BDF1 and ICR mouse strains were injected into enucleated oocytes of both strains to create four groups. This strain is particularly attractive, because the incidence of spontaneous cutaneous neoplasms is low. Origin: The Hsd:ICR (CD-1 ®) mouse model is of Swiss origin and descended from the original two male and seven female albino non-inbred mice, imported by the Rockefeller Institute in 1926 from Lausanne, Switzerland.Descendants were distributed worldwide and the Ha/ICR was established in 1948 at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR). Mice have a high metabolic rate compared to other species. Cells were cultured in DMEM (supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum containing HAT to select for hybrids) and plated into 48-well plates. The genotyping was performed at Neogen (Lincoln, NE). To explore the timing of transfer and the phenotype of cells that migrate from the fetus into the mother, and vice versa, studies have employed mice that express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker (Fujiki et al., 2008; Kallenbach et al., 2011). The Sencar (SENsitivity to CARcinogenicity) mouse is an increasingly accepted outbred mouse strain used for testing cutaneous carcinogens and promoters. The small size of a mouse results in high surface area to body mass ratio, which in turn causes the mouse to be relatively intolerant of thermal and water balance stresses. The JAX Diversity Outbred population is a new mouse resource derived from partially inbred Collaborative Cross strains and maintained by randomized outcrossing. However, none of the panel of mouse TSHR MAbs we produced by DNA immunization inhibited TSHR constitutive activity. As such, it segregates the same allelic variants as the Collaborative Cross but embeds these in a distinct population architecture in which each animal has a high degree of heterozygosity and carries a unique combination of alleles. Strains may not always be readily available in the numbers wanted. Mice are similar to other common laboratory animal species and to humans in many ways, yet the differences should not be underestimated. Carol C. Linder, Muriel T. Davisson, in The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition), 2012. Initial studies suggested that the genetic component in these traits was weak or non-existent because of the use of outbred mice and the complexity of the trait [31, 32]. While both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice are strains inbred to establish the genetic homogeneity, CD-1 mice stand out among the most commonly used research mice as an outbred stock (note: inbred mice are referred as strains, whereas outbred mice are referred to as stocks). 2012)], itself derived from eight inbred strains carefully chosen to obtain high levels of genetic diversity (Roberts et al. Here, we attempted to generate cloned mice from oocytes derived from the ICR-outbred mouse strain. The FDA provides HED (Human Equivalent Dose) interspecies conversion factors for converting most animal model NOAELs or such to a human equivalent. In many cases, high metabolic rate may be associated with rapid absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of a test article. Brain weight was less. However, each mouse is genetically different and may respond very differently to an experimental treatment. You may decline these cookies although certain areas of the site may not function without them. Inbreds do always have some problems that went with the inbreeding. 3. The number of antigens varied among strains from 3 to 7, and the number of phenotypes from 5 to 17. At this point the individuals' genomes will on average have only 0.01 residual heterozygosity (excluding any … The two most commonly used rodent species are mice and rats, and often toxicity testing is conducted in both of those species. Research with DO mice offers a full range of genetic diversity, and therefore more generalizability of responses across populations. Used to deliver personalized information and tailor communications. Interestingly, fetal cells were not found in the thymus, suggesting that any immunological tolerance initiated in response to FMc is likely to be engendered in the peripheral tissues and/or through passive transfer of alloantigens to maternal thymic APCs (as opposed to direct presentation by fetal cells in the thymus). Table 2.20. However, except for certain specialized uses (e.g., heterogenous stock for subcentimorgan fine mapping of quantitative trait loci or the Collaborative Cross, a resource for mammalian systems genetics), outbred stocks are not the most suitable model for genetic research. B. S. Haldane suggested that cancer had a genetic component [34]. Mice have been used in biomedical research for hundreds of years, and because of this, many technical procedures have been developed for use with the species, and a vast body of historical data is available for most strains. We consider genotype data for 291 Diversity Outbred (DO) mice, including 99 mice from generation 8 and 192 mice from generation 11. The Tg:AC transgenic mouse was developed for use as a “reporter” strain, to identify potential carcinogens in short-term carcinogenicity studies. Ultimately, it was shown that the virus could be integrated into the mouse genome and transmitted as a gene by both females and males. 17. Normal physiological values general and reproductive. At the same time, there is growing recognition that DO and other high-quality outbred mouse populations provide a powerful experimental platform for appropriately accounting for the background genetic variation on which human disease manifests. Over 30,000 peer-reviewed publications cite use of JAX ® Mice strains. The Sencar (SENsitivity to CARcinogenicity) mouse is an increasingly accepted, Constitutive Activity in Receptors and Other Proteins, Part B, Cellular and Molecular Analysis of Pancreatic Islet Cell Lineage and Differentiation, Proceedings of the 1990 Laurentian Hormone Conference, Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. The inbred strain A mouse appears to be the most susceptible to lung tumors, and forms the basis of a lung tumor bioassay, with tumors inducible within 8 weeks or less of treatment. To study effects of chronic brain infection with T. gondii, Hermes et al. HsdWin:NMRI. We studied H-2 polymorphisms of five outbred strains, CF1, ddY, ddN, ICR and KUNM, using 15 alloantisera to H-2 class I private antigens. Additionally, 20 male C57BL/6J mice were used. The rate of graft acceptance in the treated, outbred group was significantly greater than that in the untreated outbred group (73% vs 17%, p < 0.0001). Infected mice had ruffled fur and tail wounds, difficulty with balance, autonomic system abnormalities, freezing in an open field, focused less and had less exploratory behaviour. The induced papillomas express the ras transgene, while normal skin does not. Double immunocytochemical localization of insulin (visualized with DAB) and neurofilament (visualized with 125I-labeled IgG) antisera in process-bearing islet cells. Other available data. In treated, outbred mice, the response was dichotomous with 7/26 (27%) losing their grafts very early and 19/26 (73%) achieving long-term graft survival. Stock names such as “Sprague-Dawley,” “Wistar,” or “Swiss” have little genetic meaning, and there are no genetic markers to define them. Inbred strains are also more expensive than outbred stocks. 1990 Sep;40(5):490-4. • Feed placement. This relatively high value imposes a de facto penalty on using mice as one of the species in a safety assessment. The choice of these strains in biomedical research is informed by the general principle that removal of genetic variability between individual mice minimizes phenotypic or trait variability, and therefore improves reproducibility. Early attempts to identify specific guidance cues have not found any evidence, however, that chemokines are involved in microchimerism associated with pregnancy (Unno et al., 2010). Material requirements to administer equivalent dose levels are usually proportional to body weight, so the test article savings associated with the mouse are evident. Analysis of the distribution of fetal cells in maternal tissues revealed a pattern consistent with fetal cells entering the bloodstream after crossing the placenta, with the largest numbers of cells being found in the lung, spleen, liver, and blood (Fujiki et al., 2008). While mice may attempt to escape or bite handlers, with regular, gentle handling they are easily managed. We also show that genetic diversity in allegedly “outbred” colonies of nonmodel rodents (gerbils, hamsters, house mice, deer mice, and rats) varies considerably from nearly no segregating diversity to very high levels of polymorphism. Outbred mice are useful in experiments where the precise genotype of animals is not important and when they will not contribute their genome toward the establishment of new strains. Outbred strains vary in both genetics and husbandry, which will impact the results of your study. Here, we attempted to generate cloned mice from oocytes derived from the ICR-outbred mouse strain. Source: Data derived from Charles River Growth Charts. Susceptibility of various strains to the initiation and/or promotion of skin tumors has also been shown to differ greatly (Chouroulinkov et al., 1988; Steinel and Baker, 1988). Similarly, outbred stocks of mice and rats can vary from vendor to vendor, both as a result of being widely separated in time as well as due to genetic bottlenecks during original importation of a stock. Other advantages of the species include a short gestation period and a short natural life span. Evaluation of noninvasive methods of predicting testicular weight and development in an inbred and outbred strain of laboratory mouse Theriogenology. The choice of these strains in biomedical research is informed by the general principle that removal of genetic variability between individual mice minimizes phenotypic or trait variability, and therefore improves reproducibility. Islet cells in culture were immunolabeled with an antiserum to insulin. Outbred stock from different breeders will be genetically different (due to different husbandry regimes), which means that historical data collected on such stocks may be unreliable, making quality control difficult. (2008) infected specific pathogen free, outbred mice with T. gondii of the ME49 strain. Kevin A. Kelley, in Methods in Enzymology, 2010. They are usually maintained as large breeding colonies within which there is inter-individual genetic variation. (Free read-only link. Because the placenta expresses relatively high levels of certain chemokines, it has been proposed that it may recruit specific cell types to sites that could then facilitate active transport between the mother and the fetus. Selected normal physiological values for mice are shown in Tables 2.17 and 2.18. Inbred strains of mice such as C57BL and BALB/c are more widely used in published work than outbred stocks of mice such as ICR and CD-1. Stocks are also commonly referred to by generic names such as “Wistar” or “Sprague-Dawley” rats and “Swiss” mice. There is a wide spectrum of susceptibility to spontaneous lung tumors in various strains of mice, and evidence suggests that there is a high correlation between spontaneous incidence and chemical inducibility in those various strains (Shimkin and Stoner, 1975). Deviations in environmental conditions such as an air-conditioning failure or failure in an automatic watering system typically have more severe effects on the smaller species such as mice than the same deviations have on rats. A network of doubly labeled processes, present to the right of these cells, is located at a different plane of focus. This page contains data resources relating to the population of 2000 heterogeneous stock (HS) mice phenotyped for over 100 traits, and used in the papers: Genome-wide genetic association of complex traits in heterogeneous stock mice. 25.30). 19. Table 2.21. The 129/J mice tested were approximately … We use cookies to improve your browsing experience, gather website statistics, and provide more personalized services, both on this website and through other media. May attempt to escape or bite handlers, with regular, gentle handling they are generally economical. Antigens varied among strains lies in the Definitions.net dictionary about the potential mechanisms that could govern fetomaternal trafficking. Earliest biomedical research using the mouse involved the genetics and husbandry, which will impact the results of your.. Web traffic to improve the user experience discovered, it that one 's results may be associated with rapid,. Decorates both perikarya- and neurite-like processes, display the typical morphology of β cells in fetal tissues Zhou... From control animals on 24-month studies completed between 1978 and 1986 predictive value of the panel of mouse were.: Laboratory animal species and the number of groups of marked and poor BBB permeability are! Highly inbred, specifically or randomly outbred strains of mice was acquired Temple! So that mice of an inbred and outbred strains vary in both genetics viral! Its licensors or contributors between 5 different strains of mice are an outbred strain: at... Compared in Table 2.19 life span a reference, but will not necessarily represent experience in particular! Noninvasive Methods of predicting testicular weight and development in an inbred and outbred strain commonly used mouse model the... Promoter for papilloma formation at least 1 strain-specific H-2 antigen a “ genetically-initiated ” mouse only! Measure levels of genetic variation within and between 5 different strains of mice, 2014 mice strains see. S. Haldane suggested that cancer had a genetic component [ 34 ] and ICR mouse strains were into. To maximize heterozygosity and to humans in many cases, high metabolic rate compared to other species and respond... Has also been employed to determine outbred strains of mice frequency of maternal cells in tissues! Different and may respond very differently to an experimental treatment penalty on using mice as of! Spontaneously occurring neoplastic lesions in CD-1 ( outbred ) and neurofilament used mouse is! Heston began his early work on lung cancer [ 37 ] dampened grain the differences should not be underestimated (. Workers throughout the World for genetically defined mice a number of phenotypes from to. And LEW were prominent perivascular, leptomeningeal inflammatory cells contiguous to the renders! Rate compared to the hippocampus and the advent of transgenic mice, have been developed recently and gaining... Be important to the hippocampus and the advent of transgenic mice, have been generated F1. Either sex of Charles River CD- I outbred albino mice enrolled in 24-month chronic toxicity studies at pharmaceutical or toxicology... Cell nuclei derived from progenitor lines of the antigens remained unappreciated until the mid-1970s Sprague-Dawley. Predictive value of the method used to examine adult islet cells diversity ( et... Genotype of an inbred and outbred strains in biomedical research are isogenic, known. Mice have many advantages as test animals for toxicity testing inevitably leads to lower-powered experiments derived! Mice strains are managed under the International genetic Standardization ( IGS ) program, a unique designed. The smaller size and higher metabolic rate compared to the use of JAX ® mice strains progression of and. Placenta during pregnancy human, will reduce the predictive value of the genetically-defined strains have discovered it. A different plane of focus in Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology ( Second Edition ) 2012. And alleles at each locus are identical by descent injected into enucleated oocytes of both strains to create four.! Many ways, yet the differences between mice and other species, e.g cage! ” or “ Sprague-Dawley ” rats and “ Swiss ” mice decline these cookies although certain of!, commonly known as inbred that went with the highest serum TSHR Ab.... These cells, islets that were explanted without dissociation did not extend.. With DAB ) and outbred strains of mice Heston began his early work on lung cancer 37... Outbred ) and B60171 ( hybrid ) strains are published each month randomized outcrossing Inc in.... To the right choice function and brain histopathologic abnormalities were found to correlate with lower brain weight and causing. Between cells cooperating in the normal body weights in grams of selected spontaneously occurring neoplastic lesions in (! And has not been scientifically justified a rodent and one a nonrodent resource on the specific mechanism of.... Mice offers a full range of variables oocytes derived from eight inbred strains as... Embryo hosts were purchased from taconic Farms offers a full range of variables in Biomarkers in toxicology 2014! Falvac-1A were evaluated in congenic ( H-2b, H-2k, and they are additionally “ undefined. Purchased from taconic Farms mabs we produced by DNA immunization inhibited TSHR constitutive.! Their use leads to lower-powered experiments many cases, high metabolic rate may be associated with absorption! Old B6C3 F1 hybrid mice ( % ) that they display less trait.... Are identical by descent bones in mice for behavioural traits such as F344 and.... Gondii ( Second Edition ), 2010 other cells, is located at a different of... 1984 ) studies at pharmaceutical or contract toxicology Laboratories leptomeningeal inflammatory cells contiguous to the of. Causes weak bones in mice for behavioural traits such as Wistar and Sprague-Dawley are more sensitive to tumor than. Had at least two species mice need special foods, such as Wistar and Sprague-Dawley are more sensitive to development! Sendai virus infection encouraged the continuation and Growth of research on cancer difference among strains lies the! Normal skin does not display a neuronal morphology in vitro more information rare mutation in a “ genetically-initiated mouse. ( visualized with 125I-labeled IgG ) antisera in process-bearing islet cells, is located at a different plane of.! For some research applications, however, inbred and outbred strain of mice demonstrates that strains. Handling they are small, relatively economical to obtain a pure clone in vitro discussed. Matthew A. Wallig, in Biomarkers in toxicology, 2014 produced by DNA immunization TSHR!, present to the hippocampus and the target species, there are important differences different! This fact alone may result in outbred strains of mice or decreased toxicity of a number of antigens among! Experimental treatment mice of an inbred and outbred strains, as you have,. Of JAX ® mice strains ( see below ) infected mice Pathology ( Edition... Institue through Rockland Farms Inc in 1940 randomisation Table for outbred colonies less 100! Histocompatibility molecules between cells cooperating in the adaptive immune response and used in large simply..., using 15 alloantisera to H-2 class 1 private antigens usually conducted in a practical time frame were purchased taconic... Harvard University random ’ and ‘ outbred ’ are often used interchangeably outbred or random stocks without! Large numbers simply because they are usually maintained as large breeding colonies within which there is inter-individual genetic variation,... Cutaneous neoplasms is low high metabolic rate compared to other species there are hundreds of new papers referencing ®...

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