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The man who introduced the idea of Individualism was a man named Alexis de Tocqueville. As we will see, it may be tempered but not altogether eliminated. The work contains many interesting and singular insights about America: its regime, its laws, and, above all, the habits or mores of Americans, by which Tocqueville means the full panoply of their politic Individualism once exhibited interesting national variations, but its various meanings have since largely merged. Individualism. Theres a fear of stagnancy in the face of communities that remain stable over several generations. Egalitarianism 3. Tocqueville believed that religion could correct many of the prominent flaws of democracy, such as individualism, materialism, a lack of stability, and the tendency to misuse or undervalue liberty. Throughout the years, the definition of the American Dream has evolved as the world itself has changed. De Tocqueville talks about aristocratic societies as a kind of chain, where everyone is bound by obligations to those above and below them, to their families, ancestors, future generations, and so on, and that this very often forces people toward interests and sacrifices in and for those outside themselves. An intelligence capable of critical scrutiny and self-inquiry was by definition, Humanism and Italian art were similar in giving paramount attention to human experience, both in its everyday immediacy and in its positive or negative extremes. Liberty. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The term individualism itself, and its equivalents in other languages, dateslike socialism and other ismsfrom the 19th century. One of the observations de Tocqueville repeatedly makes in Democracy in America is that equality, especially democratic equality, tends to dissolve the bonds between people that exist in societies that have a low possibility of social mobility, especially aristocracies. The terms negative connotation was employed by French reactionaries, nationalists, conservatives, liberals, and socialists alike, despite their different views of a feasible and desirable social order. It then becomes a question to what extent individualist tendencies are inevitable and worth accepting, and to what extent they are destructive and should be resisted. If it is published somewhere else, I will cite and notify you. In Germany, the ideas of individual uniqueness (Einzigkeit) and self-realizationin sum, the Romantic notion of individualitycontributed to the cult of individual genius and were later transformed into an organic theory of national community. Examples are Durkheims classic account of differential suicide rates in terms of degrees of social integration and the account of the incidence of protest movements in terms of the structure of political opportunities. And Tocqueville regarded centralization as the most dangerous of all the threats to liberty." Peter, Glad to hear you enjoyed the post. We set great stock in anonymity and privacy, which seems an effect of individualism. 1. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville, a young French aristocrat visiting the United States, saw a new phenomenon in America. Both of his parents had been jailed during the Reign of Terror. The separation of church and state helps religion to maintain and even increase its influence in society. Egalitarianism. With the sift from towns to large cities, and the ever increasing movement of people (which was marked even then), and the concentration of power in federal government, is the use of political associations to counteract individualism still effective? Since hes writing primarily to people who already understand aristocracy and wish to find out about democracy, there arent many illustrations of what kinds of links and obligations he means, but presumably its obeying the commands of rulers, caring for the well-being of servants, maintaining a family estate, marrying a suitable wife, not disgracing the family by outrageous behavior; perhaps even things like contributing to the building of architectural projects that require several generations, like a cathedral, and maintaining cultural patronage in the arts.

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