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Definitions for the strength of recommendations (AD, I) and levels of evidence (IV) are provided at the end of the \"Major Recommendations\" field. 15 Forsyth and Kielhofner (2006), for example, stated that occupational therapists using the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) will also need to use other frameworks in order to understand and address performance capacity (p. 85). 1999); mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (Segal et al. Conversely, in anxiety disorders, automatic thoughts often involve overestimation of risk in situations and underestimation of ability to cope (Wright et al. Sep 14, 2013 - Explore OT Teacher Lady's board "Cognition / Perception Intervention activities for OT", followed by 878 people on Pinterest. In highlighting the general characteristics of CBT and in recognition of the third wave of behaviour therapies, it is unsurprising that many occupational therapists are attracted to the cognitive behavioural approach. Various occupational therapy treatment techniques and interventions will be highlighted. There is an on-going assessment process following the initial assessment, which includes gathering historical information, as well as current information regarding the presenting problem. Both the therapist and the individual work together to develop a shared understanding of the presenting problems and actively seek more effective ways of coping. These may involve individual work and activity-based work, such as exposure therapy, whereby an individual with agoraphobia, for example, may start with the small step of simply going out of the door but progress later to taking a bus into town. Accordingly, it has been noted that cycles of both adaptive and maladaptive behaviours are developed on the basis of how an individual thinks and feels about their actions and their consequences (Hagedorn 2000; Segal et al. Beck et al. Sarah Lee; Rachel West Consequently, they will affect our self-esteem and coping strategies. 2008). As a result, many therapeutic programmes may now include it as a behavioural treatment approach, not only to enhance the effectiveness of CBT but also to assist the staff working in a more positive and constructive therapeutic manner with a complex and challenging patient group (Long et al. These disorders include, acquired brain injury (traumatic), cardiovascular disease (strokes, vascular dementia) and degenerative disease (CreutzfeldtJacob disease and Huntingtons disease). Help the person set new behavioural goals to reduce disability (aka re-engage in occupations to use occupational therapy jargon) Reinforce progress and acknowledge achievements. It is problem-focused. The Oxford English Dictionary (2004) defines cognition as the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses. It is also important that the therapist maintains an awareness of performance adaptation and the potential for a service user to disguise the impact of cognitive impairment on occupational performance where, for example, they may have achieved the desired outcome but modified or missed tasks in the process. Occupational Therapy and Cognitive Functioning Similar to CBT, it involves experiential exercises and values guided behavioural interventions (Harris 2008). The goal of this therapy is to assist individuals to stop using maladaptive coping strategies, to get in touch with their core feelings and to detach from their self-defeating schema. Indeed, there is great emphasis placed on this therapeutic relationship, which is perceived to be integral to the outcome of therapy. Occupational therapy teaches people to balance out work, rest, and play. There has been a significant increase in both the understanding of autism and Asperger syndrome and in the number of individuals diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Some individuals with affective disorder may also experience psychotic episodes, including delusions, hallucinations or other losses of contact with reality, although this is not necessarily so in all cases (Forty et al. 2. CBT focuses on five key areas: thoughts, behaviours, emotion/mood, physiological responses and the environment. encouraged to explore ASD further elsewhere (see, disorder, substance misuse, eating disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (, 8-week programme based on the stress reduction programme for the management of pain using mindfulness meditation (, thus how one responds to either appropriate or inappropriate behaviour will influence the likelihood of the behaviour recurring. 28). Occupational therapy practitioners provide cognitive interventions in a variety of early childhood settings. Cognitive behavioral therapy interventions typically involve intervening on the behalf of a person who is involved in a destructive behavioral pattern. To improve occupational performance, cognitive-based interventions should be embedded in an occupation relevant to the patient. He referred to this as operant conditioning (Hawton et al. To determine the effectiveness of interventions addressing cognitive impairments to improve occupational performance for people with traumatic brain injury. This engagement with specific activities underlines the close association that CBT has with occupational therapy. This chapter describes how cognitive impairment can present in mental health practice, considers the effect of the impairment on occupational performance and participation, and explores cognitive interventions. Availability of the assessments has been problematic but they are now more readily available via websites (Pool 2006, p. 140). Consequently, Linehan (1993a) ensured that the treatment package included individual therapy, group skills training and a weekly consultation for the therapists. Ambrose University, Davenport, IA, USA. 2007, p. 47) Accordingly, it has been noted that cycles of both adaptive and maladaptive behaviours are developed on the basis of how an individual thinks and feels about their actions and their consequences (Hagedorn 2000; Segal et al. Since schemas play such a major role in regulating an individuals self-worth and subsequent behavioural coping strategies, they become a necessary focus for CBT interventions (Young and Klosko 1993). Limited space within this chapter allows only the elements of cognition and cognitive impairment to be discussed and readers are encouraged to explore ASD further elsewhere (see Frith 1991, 2003; Frith and Hill 2004). 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